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Perceiving the direction and the events of history depends on your vantage point and from which perspective you’re looking at history. This is a very crude generalization as it is true only at the highest level, at the macro-level of history. Over time the world, planet Earth, contains fewer and fewer cultures, but each of these few cultures is, becoming bigger, and more complex.

Over thousands of years small, simple cultures gradually combined to form bigger and more complex civilizations. The thousands of wars, revolutions, trade expeditions and emigration movements in history have a clear general direction which is global unification of the world and of humankind. There is a destination, a direction to history. Does human history have a clear direction or not? Dr Harari stated right at the beginning that the answer is very simply yes. Instead we will focus on one particularly important point which is whether all the different interactions between, human societies have some kind of overall pattern or direction whether all the wars, emigrations and trade were leading humankind towards a particular destination: or whether it was just a collection of random forces pushing humankind from one direction to another and history has no destination. In this course we are not going to go over all the various wars, trade expeditions, missionary efforts, and immigration movements in history. The number of such different interactions is colossal. There was of course war, trade, sometimes immigration from one society to the other or religious missionaries coming from one place to another. The interaction between different societies took all kinds of falls. This part of the course will try to examine how these different human societies interacted with each other and what exactly happened when people who believed in one kind of imagined order encountered people who believed in very different things. Even when people share the same objective reality of rivers, trees and clouds and live in the same geographical zone under the same climate, different human societies often have different imagined orders and different social hierarchies.

Unlike Chimpanzee or Wolf Societies which are pretty similar to one another Sapien Societies are very, very different from each other. This course has already looked at the Agricultural Revolution and the kind of societies that emerged as a result. These are my course notes and reflect the opinions of Dr. This week we discuss some of the reasons. Even people who believe in different gods and obey rival kings, are nevertheless willing to use the same money. Money is the most universal system of mutual trust ever devised by humans. Three main forces shaped this process of unification. But as time went by, the connections between the societies became stronger and stronger, so that humankind was gradually united into a single global society. The relations between these different societies were very complex, and involved wars and conflicts as well as trade, immigration and imitation. After the Agricultural Revolution, humans created many different cultures and societies. Lecture 8, the first lecture of this part is entitled “The Direction of History”. Yuval Noah Harari we started Part 3 of the course “The Unification of Humankind” . This week in “ A Brief History of Humankind” from Dr.